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{\listoverride\listid935795078\listoverridecount0\ls38}{\listoverride\listid349574019\listoverridecount0\ls39}{\listoverride\listid2053845261\listoverridecount9{\lfolevel\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel
\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat
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{\operator Jen Cottes}{\creatim\yr2002\mo11\dy13\hr14\min18}{\revtim\yr2002\mo11\dy13\hr14\min18}{\printim\yr2002\mo8\dy6\hr13\min23}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages6}{\nofwords5329}{\nofchars30376}{\*\company EDC}{\nofcharsws37303}{\vern113}}
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\par 
\par 
\par Sustainable Development 
\par 
\par and 
\par 
\par Youth Employment
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \s18\qc\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\ul 
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\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \s18\qc\fi720\li7200\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\ul Page }{\b 
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b 
\par Introduction\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\b\i 2}{\b 
\par Section One: \ldblquote }{\i Global Environmental Scenario}{\b\i \rdblquote \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 2}{\b 
\par Section Two: \ldblquote }{\i Employment with Environment Conservation}{\b\i \rdblquote \tab \tab \tab \tab 3\tab }{\b 
\par Section Three: \ldblquote }{\i Scope for Renewable Energy}{\b\i \rdblquote \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 5\tab 
\par }{\b Section Four: \ldblquote }{\i Barriers to the Adoption of Renewable Energy}{\b\i \rdblquote \tab \tab \tab \tab 6}{\b 
\par Section Five: \ldblquote }{\i The Youth Employment Summit}{\b\i \rdblquote \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 8}{\b 
\par Conclusion}{\b\i \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 10}{\b 
\par }{\b\ul 
\par 
\par \page Introduction
\par 
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {Fresh air, clean water, and lush green earth - these images are on their
 way to becoming a rarity in everyday life. An easier image that springs to most of our minds is that of smoke emitting factories, muddy brown water, and degraded land. On a rhetorical note, it is easy to agree upon the fact that since we are responsible 
f
or the state of the environment, we should clean up the mess. However, on a more practical note, the issue now boils down to the question of what should be done and how we should go about doing it.  It is crucial to link protecting the global environment 
with providing sustainable livelihoods for youth.  There is a global recognition for environmental protection and a global commitment to end poverty.  These two commitments have to be put on the global agenda as inextricably inter-twined.
\par 
\par This paper focuse
s on the need to combine the goals of sustainable development and youth employment, and shows how renewable energy is a means to achieve this end. The main idea here is that pursuing renewable energy will not only ensure environmental conservation but wil
l also bring about sustainable livelihoods by generating youth employment.
\par 
\par This paper is divided into five sections. The first section gives a brief outline of the current international scenario with respect to the global environment, thereby outlining the
 need for immediate action, especially for developing countries. The second section looks at employment: youth employment, to be specific. In this section, the whole issue of youth unemployment is explained in detail, along with its consequences and cause
s
. This section touches on the need to bring about income generating activities while trying to protect the environment. The third section elaborates on this idea, by illustrating the scope for renewable energy in this direction. The fourth section discuss
e
s the barriers to the adoption of renewable energy practices and the solutions to these barriers. The fifth section discusses the role of the Youth Employment Summit (YES) and its Global Alliance in promoting the cause of youth employment globally. The me
a
sures taken by YES to assist and guide the youth are described in this section. The last section is the conclusion, which reiterates the importance of renewable energy as an important method by which the twin goals of sustainable development and youth emp
loyment can be simultaneously achieved.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul 
\par Section One: Global Environmental Scenario
\par }{
\par The past few decades have seen a host of treaties, conventions, and protocols in the field of environmental protection. As early as 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrh
enius had predicted that human activities would interfere with the way the sun interacts with the earth, resulting in global warming and climate change. His prediction was borne out and climate change is disrupting global environmental stability. Land deg
r
adation, air and water pollution, sea-level rise, and loss of biodiversity are only a few examples of the now familiar issue of environmental degradation due to climate change. One of the most important characteristics of this environmental degradation is
 that it affects all mankind on a global scale - without regard to any particular country, race, or region. The whole world is therefore a stakeholder and this raises issues on who should do what to combat environmental degradation.
\par 
\par It is now widely accept
ed that if concerted efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) are not taken, it is possible that the levels of GHGs will triple by the year 2100. Resolving the problem of climate change requires multiple, long-term strategies that will demand eno
r
mous sustained effort, engaging the cooperation of both developed and developing countries. Currently, developed countries account for the larger share of greenhouse gas emissions, but developing-country emissions continue to rise steadily. By the year 20
25 emissions from developing countries are expected to represent some 50% of the global total. This calls for immediate action globally.
\par 
\par Since the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, tremendous advances have taken place in
 deriving strategies and action plans for environmentally sustainable development.  An important issue on the global environmental agenda is the mitigation of global climate change.  The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was a
dopted in 1994, paving the foundation for intergovernmental efforts at combating climate change. Signed by an overwhelming majority of the world\rquote 
s nations, the UNFCC has a key assumption that countries can successfully tackle the problems of climate change 
best by finding ways to work together as a team. It is important that diverse stakeholders work together to institute a broad range of strategies, technologies, processes and products focusing on mitigation and reduction of negative effects on the environ
ment. To further public and political acceptance of the UNFCCC goals, it is critical to demonstrate that adoption of these goals will not slow economic development and growth but rather enhance overall development goals.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul 
\par Section Two: Employment with Environment Conservation 
\par 
\par }{For developing countries, there are several issues that need to be looked into while trying to conserve the environment. One of the key issues is the need to be able to derive an income while trying to protect the environment. Given t
hat environmental degradation affects poor countries more severely than developed countries, it is these countries that need the most immediate action. Also given the fact that these countries have low per capita income and are striving towards higher lev
els of income, it is essential to be able to combine environmental protection with income generation. In other words, \ldblquote sustainable development\rdblquote 
 should be good business and be economically rewarding for communities that undertake activities to achieve it. This will allow sustainable development to occur. }{\cgrid0 
A livelihood is defined as sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses, shocks, and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base.}{
 Among the various definitions of sustainable development, a commonly cited one is given below:
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard\plain \s26\qj\li450\ri360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \i\fs22\cgrid {\fs24 \ldblquote Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \qr\li450\ri360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\cgrid {\i\fs24 --The World Commission on Environment and Development, Brundtland Commission 1987
\par }\pard\plain \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {
\par }{\b\ul 
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {This definition clearly reflects the needs mentioned earlier. The needs of the present include economic and social growth, which need to be carried out in a manner that can be sustain
ed over generations. 
\par 
\par One action that addresses these issues has been largely untested on a broad scale to date. This action engages the international community in finding and sharing ways that support youth in creating income-generating enterprises as an
 important part of a global solution to mitigating climate change.
\par 
\par }{\cf1 For developed countries, the situation is different from that of developing countries. Historically, these countries emitted huge amounts of greenhouse gases during their transition to a d
eveloped economy. In other words, they are responsible for a huge portion of the existing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As this cannot be undone, and the world is facing the damaging consequences of their actions, these countries should play an impo
rtant role in investing in cleaner technologies, both for themselves as well as for developing countries. Developing countries cannot afford some of the costly \ldblquote clean\rdblquote 
 technologies, but at the same time, action needs to be taken immediately. According to the predictions of Inter Governmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), if the present rate of emissions continues, the global mean temperature will increase by 1}{
\cf1 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 176 \\f "Symbol" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f3\fs24}}}{\cf1 Celsius to 3.5}{\cf1 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 176 \\f "Symbol" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f3\fs24}}}{\cf1 Celsius compared to 1990 levels by the year 2100. The best estimate is at 2}{
\cf1 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 176 \\f "Symbol" \\s 12}{\fldrslt\f3\fs24}}}{\cf1 Celsius. 
\par 
\par This highlights the urgency for the developed countries to take measures to assist developing countries combat rising emissions. Developed countries have the financial capacity to do so. If they don\rquote 
t play their roles as investors now, there will be 
severe and irreversible damages confronting the whole world. To mitigate some of these damages, the costs incurred at that time will be much higher than the costs that will be incurred at present if developed countries started investing immediately.

\par }{
\par 
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b Understanding Youth Unemployment
\par }{\b\ul 
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\cf1 When focusing on the importance of combining sustainable development with youth employment, a commonly asked question is \ldblquote Why Youth?\rdblquote 
 To answer that question, we need to first delve into the whole issue of youth unemployment and}{ its local and global ramifications.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\cgrid0 Youth }{unemployment is an issue to be addressed both in developing and developed nations.  There are a billion young adults \endash  between the ages of 15 and 24 \endash 
 in the world today.  Eighty-five percent of them live in de
veloping countries where there are few opportunities for productive work. The International Labor Organization indicates that the unemployment rate in 1997 for OECD nations for youth ages 15 to 25 age was 13.4 percent, more than twice as high as the compa
r
able figure for adults (5.9 percent). In developing countries, existing data suggest that the gap between youth and adult employment rates is far wider. This large group of young people cannot be absorbed in urban and industrial employment, at least in th
e short run. Unless a global consensus is reached on the urgency of solving the youth unemployment \ldblquote problem\rdblquote , there will be a future where disenfranchised young people threaten the social structure and safety of their nations \endash 
 and the world.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {High levels o
f youth unemployment contribute to poverty, discontent, alienation, social unrest, conflict, and urban migration, all of which hinder economic growth and threaten political stability. Young adults must have meaningful employment opportunities in order for
 
stable, sustainable, beneficial development to be possible.  Young people, when gainfully employed, represent a tremendous resource for developing and industrialized nations; they can bring energy, creativity, and imagination to many nation-building tasks
,
 from building infrastructure to preserving the environment. But until a global, collaborative approach is developed that empowers youth to promote environmental sustainability, and make this an economically viable alternative, a valuable asset to help ad
dress global environmental goals will remain untapped.
\par 
\par }{\cgrid0 The International Labor Organization\rquote s World Employment Report (1998/99) states: 
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\cgrid0 
\par }\pard \s18\qj\li540\ri594\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\i\cgrid0 Unemployment of youth has far reaching implications on the labor market and society at large. It contributes to econom
ic exclusion and poverty and increases the probability of future joblessness. It results in the loss of a valuable contribution to economic activity and growth from one of the most productive elements in society. It obstructs the movement of young people 
from adolescence to adulthood and in turn is a major cause of crime and drug abuse. High levels of youth unemployment can also lead to alienation from society and distrust of democratic political processes. As a result social cohesion is undermined}{

\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par 
\par Youth 
have the most at stake in the protection of the environment for themselves and for future generations.  Therefore, the focus of this project is to include young people as fully engaged, active collaborative partners in creating solutions to global environ
m
ental issues of concern. Youth unemployment needs to be addressed urgently given the strong impact it has on political and economic stability, and urban and rural poverty around the world. It is important to meet this demand for employment with increased 
e
mphasis on resource-based livelihoods and rural productive self-employment. Generating jobs and livelihoods in the field of environmental protection will lead to fulfilling the Plan of Action established by the World Summit on Sustainable Development, whi
ch states that 
\par 
\par }\pard \s18\qj\li720\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\i Promoting patterns of economic growth that maximize employment creation requires..\'85
 maximizing the job creation potential inherent in Agenda 21 through the conservation and management of natural resources, the promotion of alternative livel
ihoods in fragile ecosystems, and the rehabilitation and regeneration of critically affected and vulnerable land areas and natural resources\'85(III,50.i)
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par Given the grim statistics on rising unemployment, especially among youth, we now have a situation where
 we need to combine three goals simultaneously. These are the goals of income generation, environment protection, and youth employment.  However, very little has been done to link these goals. 
\par 
\par The goals of Agenda 21 and Earth Charter and other such inter
national conventions should be geared towards income generating methods when trying to bring about environmental protection in developing countries. This will combat the problem of youth unemployment and provide an income to the concerned stakeholders. Th
is is essential, as in many developing countries, it may not be economically viable to use environmentally sound practices unless they generate some form of income or livelihood. 
\par 
\par }{\b\ul 
\par Section Three : Scope for Renewable Energy
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {Energy plays a vital role durin
g the transition from a developing economy to a developed one. It can literally be thought of as the driving force behind the modernization of any economy. Thus the production of energy is a crucial factor with respect to sustainable development because o
f
 the effect that it has on the environment. Energy is a critical need of any developing economy, and more often than not, developing countries face energy shortages. It would not be an exaggeration to state that one of main differences between poor countr
ies and rich ones is the availability of energy. For the present purposes, the role of energy in the context of sustainable development and youth employment is explained below.
\par 
\par As mentioned earlier, a critical challenge facing the world today is thus the s
trengthening of linkages between economic growth and increased youth employment opportunities while protecting global public goods.  This link is vital to the development prospects for low and middle-income countries and is critical in developing strategi
es and actions to promote sustainable development in the twenty-first century. One such activity that brings about this link is the promotion of renewable energy.
\par 
\par Renewable energy, as the name suggests, makes use of natural resources like wind, sunshine, and water to create energy. This has three broad implications. Firstly, the energy created is \ldblquote clean\rdblquote 
 as opposed to fossil fuels that generate huge amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. Thus it contributes to the mitigation of climate change. Secondly, it is 
not dependent on limited supplies of coal, petroleum, diesel, etc. that will ultimately get depleted, resulting in a fuel shortage. Renewable energy is thus sustainable in the long run, as it can be continued indefinitely into the future as long as there 
a
re natural resources like sunshine, wind, and flowing water. Thirdly, energy is a crucial factor in bringing about development in poor countries and these countries usually face a chronic shortage of energy. Most of these developing countries are not in a
 
position to import huge supplies of petroleum or coal to meet their energy needs, so the shortage persists. Thus these countries should encourage the adoption of renewable energy to meet their growing energy needs. This will not only reduce their dependen
ce on imports of fuel to generate energy, but will also ensure a continued local source of energy.
\par 
\par One method to implement this potential link between youth employment, income generation, and environmental protection is to develop youth-led enterprises to 
produce and market renewable energy to off-grid consumers. Youth-led renewable energy enterprises are a viable solution to the current problem, as they promote technologies that are less harmful to the global environs (as compared to conventional technolo
g
ies), while at the same time providing sustainable income-generating opportunities for youth. Tapping the energy of youth for promoting renewable energy will have a three-fold effect. It will release new energy in accomplishing many of the goals set by th
e
 global community for climate change. It will also move young people into productive and long-term nation building activities, away from non-productive pursuits. Thirdly, it will direct youth to income generating activities in this sector.  Thus renewable
 energy projects offer promising results and should be adopted on a global level. Ultimately, the need is to promote youth employment in renewable energy enterprises in as many national settings as possible. 
\par 
\par The global benefits of promoting off grid renew
able energy projects are indirect if measured alone. However these projects are contributing to a global initiative to catalyze markets for rural renewable energy applications that together will serve large shares of the two billion people in developing c
ountries currently without electricity. These markets will also be the opportunity for young people to earn their livelihoods and preserve the environment.
\par 
\par It is usually rural areas in developing countries that are not connected to the grid for electricity
. Urban areas are usually well connected to the grid, even if the power generated is by conventional fuels such as coal. Rural inhabitation is often scattered non-uniformly, with many rural communities located far away from other rural communities. In suc
h
 cases, it is not economical to try to connect these rural pockets to the grid. At the same time, these communities do need access to electricity. Renewable energy provides the solution to this. Thus it is in the rural areas of developing countries that r
enewable energy should be focused. 
\par 
\par }{\b\ul Section Four : Barriers to the Adoption of Renewable Energy
\par 
\par }{One of the most important limitations of renewable energy is that it is much more expensive than burning traditional fuels like coal. Renewable energy enterpri
ses usually have a very high initial cost which poor countries cannot afford to invest without financial support from outside. Given this, there are several other barriers in the form of limited information, lack of technical skills and institutional capa
city, and inaccessibility to technology. These make it difficult to adopt renewable energy in poor countries. These barriers are discussed in further detail below.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls34\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls34\adjustright {
Lack of Information: Rural communities frequently have limited access to existing knowledge 
bases that promote the use of renewable energy through economically and financially sustainable models.  They lack knowledge of the market potential for renewable energy, the potential for providing renewable energy services to customers, successful repli
cable projects, potential financial partners, and means for establishing renewable energy systems.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls35\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls35\adjustright {
Lack of Technical or Commercial Skills: Even if they have the above-mentioned knowledge base, rural communities, and their youth frequently lack the skills a
nd experience to produce and promote renewable energy. This includes financial management of the businesses, creation of business plans to market renewable energy, analyzing and dissemination of information, and technical know-how to maintain and service 
the equipment. 
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls36\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls36\adjustright {
Inaccessibility of Technology: Rural communities often do have access to renewable energy technologies and thus may not understand these technologies or the technical assistance to support its promotion and adoption.  In off-grid areas, the
re is a natural market for services that may be tapped into by young people marketing and maintaining renewable energy systems, in coordination with larger efforts to provide renewable energy systems to those areas.  
\par }\pard \s18\qj\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls38\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls38\adjustright {
Lack of Institutional Capacity for Pr
omoting Renewable Energy: Throughout the developing world there is a lack of institutions serving youth that have expertise in renewable energy technologies and business development.  Institutions that exist have an overwhelming task to do in which they n
eed a great amount of support. There is therefore a need to find ways of integrating development initiatives, where possible, with capacity building exercises.
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par Apart from the above, there is another barrier with regard to youth employment in the area of re
newable energy. This is the lack of youth involvement. Young people generally have the energy, the vision and the belief to get involved with new and innovative projects.  However, in the majority of poor countries, there is a lack of infrastructure to su
p
port youth employment projects, and youth are not provided the necessary coaching, trust and enabling environment to make viable contributions to the local economy and environment.  To be able to link sustainable development and youth employment, there is
 a pressing need to involve youth and to give them the necessary coaching, trust, and enabling environment.
\par }\pard \s18\qj\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par }{\b Solutions
\par }{
\par As mentioned earlier, the promotion of youth led renewable energy enterprises will tackle jointly the issues of youth unemployment as we
ll environmentally sustainable development. The rural youth needs an enabling environment for the successful and continued implementation of renewable energy. Thus they need to be equipped with the skills that could enable them to set up viable and sustai
nable enterprises. To create this enabling environment, a variety of measures need to be taken. These include dissemination of information on renewable energy \endash  its potential in providing income generating activities for youth \endash 
 and other issues such as creation of business plans to market renewable energy, and access to technology and technical know-how. This will build the much-needed institutional capacity to develop renewable energy enterprises.
\par 
\par In addition, the energy and dynamism of youth needs to be 
tapped. Development agencies have in the past succeeded in empowering women as a group previously disadvantaged and prejudiced against, to one that is universally accepted as effective change and development agents. This can be observed in such innovative
 
solutions as micro-credit systems that focus on women as the main implementers. Youth need to be given similar attention. They need to be coached and trained in all the relevant areas for setting up and successfully running renewable energy enterprises.  
Youth involvement in community based initiatives, taking into account the different cultural factors, gives added value to grassroots development. Empowering youth helps reach a wider spectrum of the communities.
\par 
\par In order to promote off-grid renewable ener
gy, close and continuous engagement with local community members is essential. Thus if the stakeholders (i.e. the local community members) are the ones who are developing and operating these enterprises, it will ensure viability, sustainability and effect
i
ve operation of these autonomous renewable systems.  This community involvement, however, will be far more effective if these local groups stand to gain economically if the systems are properly installed and stay operational.  Local enterprises that manag
e
 the acquisition, operation and maintenance of the systems, and who will receive monthly fees from the families that opt for these systems, are the best champions to engage their communities in using the renewable energies systems to satisfy their basic e
lectricity needs.  
\par 
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\b\ul Section Five: Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development
\par 
\par }{Sustainable development has earlier been defined as: 
\par 
\par }\pard \s18\li540\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\i \ldblquote Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"}{.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {This implies a situation that is \ldblquote sustainable\rdblquote  or can be continued into the future without causing short term or long term damage to either the environment or to people. 
\par 
\par We need to assess the link between sustainable development and renewable e
nergy, and examine whether it is possible for renewable energy to help bring about sustainable development. For this, i.e. to assess sustainable development, we need a set of measurable indicators. These indicators can be grouped into four broad categorie
s: Economic, Technological, Social, and Environmental. Renewable energy leads to sustainable development in all four categories. These indicators are explained below:
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls42\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls42\adjustright {
Economic Indicator of Sustainability: }{\ul Increased Per Capita Income}{
\par }\pard \s18\qj\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {Renewable energy projec
ts typically entail the involvement of local people. An increased flow of investments in renewable energy projects will lead to greater employment and therefore an increase in per capita income for the stakeholders of those projects
\par }\pard \s18\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls42\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls42\adjustright {
Social Indicator of Sustainability: }{\ul Improved Quality of Life}{
\par }\pard \s18\qj\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {
Renewable energy projects that generate electricity in areas that were previously not electrified will improve the standard of living and the quality of life for the stakeholders involved. 
\par }\pard \s18\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls42\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls42\adjustright {
Technological Indicator of Sustainability: }{\ul Replication Potential of Renewable Energy Technologies}{
\par }\pard \s18\qj\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {
Renewable energy projects that can be replicated in other areas of the country or in other countries are sustainable, as the benefits of one project can be duplicated in various other places. 
\par }\pard \s18\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls42\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls42\adjustright {
Environmental Indicator of Sustainability: }{\ul Continued Use in the Long Run}{
\par }\pard \s18\qj\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {Renewable energy projects are sustainable in the long run in two ways. Firstly they draw on natural resources for their operation. Therefore, as long as there is sunshine, w
ind, and running water, renewable energy projects can be continued. Secondly, renewable energy projects do not emit CO2, (unlike traditional fossil fuels) and so do not harm the environment in the way that burning coal does.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par Renewable energy projects meet
 the indicators required for sustainable development.  The link between renewable energy and sustainable development is evident as can be seen from above. Given these links between sustainable development, renewable energy and youth employment, we need to
 look at any initiatives that combine all these together. }{\cf5 
\par }{
\par }{\b\ul Section Six : The Youth Employment Summit
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s28\qj\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \cf5\cgrid {\cf0 The Youth Employment Summit combines the issues of renewable energy, sustainable development, and youth employment.}{ }{\cf0 The goal of YES is to launch a decade 
campaign of action in 2002 so that an additional 500 million young adults, especially youth facing poverty, will have productive and sustainable livelihoods by the year 2012.  To fulfil such an ambitious goal, YES has created an infrastructure that will p
romote productive youth employment and the need for environmentally sustainable livelihoods.  The infrastructure essentially includes the following:
\par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\cgrid {\fs24 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\jclisttab\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls41\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
\ls41\adjustright {\fs24\cgrid0 To raise global awareness of the issues and perils related to youth unemployment.  Without generating this 
awareness it will be difficult to take targeted action to alleviate the problem.  Throughout history change has begun with awareness that something is missing or wrong.  And if the awareness is generated in the right quarters then it may lead to positive 
action; 
\par }\pard \qj\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\fs24\cgrid0 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\jclisttab\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls41\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
\ls41\adjustright {\fs24\cgrid0 To build a knowledge base of "what works" or best practices in promoting sustainable development through youth employment
\par }\pard \qj\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\fs24\cgrid0 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\jclisttab\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls41\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
\ls41\adjustright {\fs24\cgrid0 To create mechanisms, through the Global Alliance for Youth Employment, to facilitate the process of creating employment opportunities for youth. }{\fs24 
The Global Alliance, which is a membership of institutions including the GEF, UNIDO, OECD, Earth Council and others, is committed to linking sustainable development to youth employment. There is also a vast network of grassroots-level
 local NGOs committed to youth employment and sustainable development that are also members of this Alliance
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\jclisttab\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls41\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
\ls41\adjustright {\fs24\cgrid0 To create a global conversation on the issue and ways to resolve the issue of youth unemployment in an environmentally sustainable manner;  }{\fs24 
\par }\pard \qj\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright {\fs24 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx0\jclisttab\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls41\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}
\ls41\adjustright {\fs24\cgrid0 To make a compelling call for action at the Summit and then continue the momentum during the decade campaign.
\par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \s28\qj\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \cf5\cgrid {\cf0 All of the above tie in beautifully since there is no point in creating global awareness on the issue of youth unemployment without a useable knowledg
e resource, and an Alliance that will take action.
\par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \cbpat8 \fs20\cgrid {\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \s27\qj\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \cbpat8 \cf5\cgrid {\cf0 
In addition, information will be gathered from all over the world on innovative approaches to promote renewable energy use and the cutting edge technologies that are being developed in this fast growing f
ield.  This information will be made available globally through various media and events for peer review and discussion.  Easy to use materials will be developed and disseminated via the web and in print to support practitioners, policy makers, youth grou
ps and other stakeholders to develop projects that promote the use of renewable energy and that lead to opportunities for youth employment. 
\par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \cbpat8 \fs20\cgrid {\fs24 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {\cgrid0 Members of the Global Alliance network have committed to the goal of the Summit, and have acted as Nominators of pr
ograms and projects for inclusion in the Best Practices section of YES\rquote 
 Global Knowledge Resource (GKR).  The GKR is a demand-driven web-based resource of information for persons interested in youth employment and livelihood.  Another task for Alliance members is the work on their own Action Plans \endash 
 and sharing that information with other Alliance members.  Currently there are about two hundred members in the Global Alliance Network (Alliance). The goal for the Alliance is to have a database of 2000+ prior 
to the Summit. These institutions are enrolled via an outreach campaign at Summit briefings and consultations, and at global meetings and conferences.  The plan for future enrollments includes:
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls18\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls18\adjustright {\cgrid0 
Contacting the institutions that have participated with in YES meetings and invite them to join the Alliance.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls19\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls19\adjustright {\cgrid0 
Requesting all members of Alliance to invite members of their community and their networks to join the Alliance.  This process will be repeated every three months.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls20\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls20\adjustright {\cgrid0 
Conducting outreach at global, regional and national meetings.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls21\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls21\adjustright {\cgrid0 
Sending invitations to other networks such as Interaction, Microcredit Summit Campaign, Global Meeting of Generations, etc.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls22\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls22\adjustright {\cgrid0 
Enrolling the private sector, reach out to Chambers of Commerce, trade unions, business associations and federations, and direct contact with private sector organizations, etc.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls23\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls23\adjustright {\cgrid0 
Enrolling youth organizations from the current database of 1200 youth associations.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \f3 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\qj\fi-360\li360\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\jclisttab\tx360{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls24\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls24\adjustright {\cgrid0 
Providing an opportunity for institutions to join the Alliance by logging onto the Summit Web-site.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {\cgrid0 
\par }{ {\*\bkmkstart _Toc510608384}
\par }{\b About the (Web-based) Global Knowledge Resource for Youth Employment
\par }{
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {Efforts to address the challenge of \ldblquote sustainable development through youth employment\rdblquote 
 are often stymied by lack of information about effective strategies and programs, education and training
, resources, and opportunities that are already working successfully around the world. To address this lack of information, and to support creative, effective programs and policies, YES \endash  in partnership with Industry Canada \endash 
 is building a Web-based Knowledge, Education and Collaboration Resource for Youth Employment.}{\cs21\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s20\widctlpar\adjustright \fs20\cgrid {\cs21\super \chftn }{ For more information on
 the Global Knowledge Resource for Youth Employment, see }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK http://www.edc.org/yes2002 }{{\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006500640063002e006f00720067002f0079006500730032003000300032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs17\ul\cf2 www.edc.org/yes2002}}}{.}}}{

\par 
\par This resource will be an easy-to-use, interactive Web Site providing a database of program and project information, including model policies and legislation, lessons learned, good practices,
 innovative initiatives, effective tools and methodologies, and successful strategies from pilot activities. It will include an \ldblquote Innovation Highlights\rdblquote 
 section featuring particularly innovative initiatives, links to other relevant Web Sites, and answers to frequently asked questions.
\par 
\par This resource will utilize new information technologies to provide groundbreaking ways to identify, assess, organize, and disseminate value-added knowledge. The resulting Knowledge Resource will allow for communication and syn
ergies between those who access this resource. It will also support building public recognition of the urgency of the issues that need to be addressed, and gain public commitment to addressing those issues.  Finally, it will provide relevant tool-kits to 
support the Resource users in different areas.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {{\*\bkmkend _Toc510608384}
\par 
\par }{\b\ul 
\par 
\par Conclusion
\par 
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {The current global scenario warrants immediate and effective action. The need for a co-ordination of activities to ensure a simultaneous approach to youth employment as well as environmental sus
tainability cannot be overstated. Energy needs are among the most basic needs of rural communities and the availability of adequate energy can act as the driving force behind the transition from a developing economy to a developed one. Renewable energy is
 
today one of the most promising options for combining the goals of youth employment, sustainable development, and income generation. Renewable energy produced and marketed by youth will provide the communities with significant benefits.  Youth in particul
ar will benefit by the income generating opportunities and the social benefits that they will bring to their communities. The economic benefits will improve the standard of living of the entire community.  
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qj\sa240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\adjustright \fs22\cgrid {\fs24 Renewable energy is not without its risks, some 
of the important ones being that the markets for renewable energy systems may not develop sufficiently to permit the economies of scale to bring down costs relative to competitive fuel systems. Also, there might be a potential lack of future government in
v
olvement, and this could impede the adoption of renewable energy technologies by many developing countries. However, nowadays information of this type is dispersed among a variety of sectors, private and public companies, development assistance agencies, 
n
on-governmental organizations, and academia throughout the world. Thus the scope for successful implementation of renewable energy projects is very huge. This information is increasingly available via the Internet, where major knowledge resources are host
ed, and in large institutions around the world.  However, this information must be identified, analyzed and provided in a user-friendly format, which YES is working towards. 
\par In short, for renewable energy to be a viable and sustainable option for developing countries for youth employment as well as environmental conservation, there needs to be increased and committed efforts in three broad areas.
\par Firstly there needs to be an increased investment in building awareness among youth and old. They need to have k
nowledge about the potential of renewable energy and how it could not only help them improve their standard of living, but also protect the environment. For this to occur, there is a need to build media awareness and to disseminate knowledge to a wide aud
ience, through a variety of media, i.e. web sites, newsletters, workshops
\par Secondly, there is a need to engage in multi-stakeholder dialogue. The central question here is how eco-entrepreneurship can be sustainably launched. To address this, we need to build
 knowledge resources and compile lessons learned in applying youth entrepreneurship for renewable energy enterprises, and developing and marketing business plans.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright \cgrid {Thirdly, there is a need to train the local youth so that they can make the most of their nat
ural resources to harness new forms of energy. For this, the youth would need to be trained on how to develop business plans to market renewable energy projects, and also on how to successfully run the renewable energy enterprises set up in their communit
ies.
\par }\pard \s18\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
\par }\pard \s18\qj\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\adjustright {
YES has undertaken various activities in all these areas and is actively striving towards the promotion of youth employment by a wide variety of means. The short-term goal of YES is to bring about large-scale youth employment through sustainable metho
ds that can keep getting replicated over time. As mentioned earlier, YES is aiming to launch a decade campaign of action in 2002 so that an additional 500 million young adults, especially youth facing poverty, will have productive and sustainable liveliho
o
ds by the year 2012. However, ultimate or long-term goal of YES is to bring about a world where all the youth are productively engaged in sustainable activities and poverty slowly but steadily gets eliminated, and all youth would be emancipated and produc
tive. A world free of youth unemployment is a step towards achieving that utopian state which all nations and development organizations across the globe strive for \endash  a world free of poverty. This then, is the ultimate goal of YES.
\par 
\par }}